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Welcome to the EuroPris Knowledge Management System. The table below shows questions and responses from European National Agencies. Select a question for more information or use the filters on the left to narrow down questions based on Agency or Category.
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Introduction: The Lithuanian prison system is planning to implement the project, one of its essential activities being improvement of behavior modification programs; therefore, we would kindly ask for your assistance sharing with us the information on behavior modification/treatment programs and risk assessment methodologies used in EuroPris member countries.
No
What advantages have you experienced using BRIK?N/A
What drawbacks have you experienced using BRIK?N/A
What specialised behavior modification/treatment programs do you use for a)perpetrators; b)sexual offenders; c)juvenile offenders; d)substance or alcohol abusing offenders?Since 1996 SPS has utilised offender programmes and interventions designed to address problematic behavioural issues and reduce reoffending. Programmes and interventions for sexual offending, violence, anger, substance misuse, cognitive reasoning, female offending, youth offending and short-term prisoners have been developed or adapted under licence to meet offender ‘needs and risks’. SPS has a Generic Programmes Assessment process so that programmes are targeted at those who present the highest risk and treatment is responsive to individual needs. Current programmes are: a) Constructs (general CBT) b) Moving Forward Making Changes (sexual offending) c) Youth Justice Programme (young people) d) Pathways: Routes to Recovery and Desistance (substance misuse) Ultimate Self (female offending) Self-Change Programme (violence) Controlling Anger Regulating Emotions (anger and impulsivity) Short Term Intervention Programme (short-term prisoners)
Who is responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification/treatment programs and b)risk assessment methodologies in your institution? How often is this evaluation done?a) Independent research evaluations of programmes are commissioned to establish whether a programme is running as intended, meeting its objectives and demonstrating expected outcomes. The independent evaluators are expected to propose a detailed evaluation methodology based on a logic model approach. Evaluations use a mixed methods approach allowing for triangulation of evidence. This involves analysis of available numerical and qualitative data which is collected by SPS for monitoring and research purposes, as well as bespoke fieldwork with relevant professionals and participants. b) Evaluations are usually conducted in two stages, with an initial process evaluation followed by an early outcomes evaluation. The process evaluation (inputs and activities) is usually commissioned 12 months after the programme is rolled out. The outcome evaluation, focusing on short and medium term outcomes is usually commissioned 2 years after the programme is implemented. This timeframe has been chosen to allow time for a sufficient number of participants to complete the programme and thus be able to take part in the research in order to reach meaningful conclusions.
Treatment programs: a) "Breaking with crime", Enhanced Thinking Skills (ETS), Entré(organized crime and violent crime), Integrated Domestic Abuse Program (IDAP)(relationship violence), Relationship Violence program (RVP)(an individual prorgam for relationship violence, One to One, Reasoning and rehabilitation 2 ADHD(R&R2ADHD)(for clients with ADHD), Violence Prevention Program (VPP)(violent crime) b)Sex Offender Treatment c)Puls (aggression, violence and juvenile offenders d)Program for Reducing individual substance misuse (Prism, Våga Välja (VV)
Who is responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification/treatment programs and b)risk assessment methodologies in your institution? How often is this evaluation done?In our institution (the Swedish Prison and Probation Service) it's the Research and Evaluation Unit who are responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification treatment programs and b)risk assessment mthodologies. Right now they are working with an evaluation of the risk assessment instrument RBM-B (Risk-Need-Responsivity assessment).
No, we use general risks and needs assessment and special tool for addiction evaluation "Screening test "STATIC-99R"".
What advantages have you experienced using BRIK?-
What drawbacks have you experienced using BRIK?-
What specialised behavior modification/treatment programs do you use for a)perpetrators; b)sexual offenders; c)juvenile offenders; d)substance or alcohol abusing offenders?Inmates are involved in the resocialization programs according to their risks and needs assessment. Resocialization program includes group lessons. Inmate's risks and needs assessment is carried out. According with the risk and needs assessment, inmate's individual resocialization plan is created. In this plan are included his/her participation in a specific resocialization programme. In accordance with prison resources in the Resocialization programme group are involved those inmates for whom this activity is included in the individual resocialization plan. In the imprisonment places are implemented social rehabilitation programs and social behavior correctional programs. There are separate groups for sex offenders, violent inmates, juveniles and women. Resocialization programmes (for all types of offenders): 1. "Social skill development and stress reduction programme for prisoners" - Promoting prisoner communication and emotional self-control skill development, to encourage self-understanding and ability to integrate in society. 2. "Motivation programme for updating and promoting prisoner resocialization process"- Motivating prisoners in imprisonment places, encouraging prisoner motivation activation, internal motive and resource identification to be able to successfully participate in resocialization process. 3. "EQUIP" - Teaching youths to think and act responsibly, so as not to commit new crimes. 4. "Stress reduction programme" - Providing opportunity to every participant in the programme to identify their stress sources, to identify emotions that are caused by stress and to learn in practice different stress reduction strategies. 5. "Life school - 3" - Developing the personality of every prisoner to prepare them for release and integration in society, by helping to learn and develop such basic social skills as – skill to learn from your and others' experience, skill to develop long-term and stabile relationships, skill to cooperate and work in group etc. 6. "Cognitive Skills" - Encouraging the cognitive and emotional development of offenders as well as teaching them specific cognitive skills. State Probation Service staff carries out the following programs in imprisonment places: 1."Programme for persons who have committed especially serious or dangerous criminal offences" - Promoting the effectiveness of resocialization and social behavior correction work with persons who have committed especially serious or dangerous criminal offences. 2."Programme for monitoring and supervising persons who have committed sexual offences"- Promoting the effectiveness of resocialization and social behavior correction work with persons who have committed sexual offences.
Who is responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification/treatment programs and b)risk assessment methodologies in your institution? How often is this evaluation done?Responsible for the methodology of the program or risk assessment tools is relevant staff of the Latvian Prison Administration. Now, within European Social Fund project existing risks and needs assessment tools have been validated and introduced new risk assessment tools, for example, VRS, VRS-SO (Canadian risk assessment tools) and new resocialization programs.
In response to Questions 1 – 3, NIPS do not use the BRIK risk assessment instrument. NIPS adopted the Probation Board for Northern Irelands’ ACE (Assessment, Case Management and Evaluation) risk assessment tool for assessing risk for general re-offending. For those sexual offenders subject to the Public Protection Arrangements for Northern Ireland (PPANI) the Stable and Acute 2007 (SA07) (Harris et el., 2007) and Risk Matrix 2000 (Thornton et al.) are also undertaken. In addition to this tool Psychologists use specialist assessment tools to consider risk for those convicted of sexual violence and non-sexual violence. These tools include; Static Assessment Measures: Offender Group Reconviction Scale (OGRS version 3) Risk Matrix 2000 (RM2000) Dynamic Risk Assessments: Violence: HCR-20v3 (Risk of Future Violence) FAM (Female Additional Manual for assessing future violence) SAVRY (Structured Assessment of Violent Risk in Youth) (Juveniles) PCL-R (Hare Psychopathy Checklist - Revised) Sexual Violence: RSVP (Risk of Sexual Violence Protocol) RSFA (Risk and Success Factors Analysis) SARN-R (Structured Assessment of Risk and Need – Revised) ERASORv2 (Estimate of Risk of Adolescent Sexual Offence Recidivism) AIM2 Initial Assessment (Assessment, Intervention and Moving On) (Juveniles who have engaged in sexually harmful behaviour) Domestic / Intimate Partner Violence: SARAv3 (Spousal Assault Risk Assessment Guide)
What advantages have you experienced using BRIK?Not applicable
What drawbacks have you experienced using BRIK?Not applicable
What specialised behavior modification/treatment programs do you use for a)perpetrators; b)sexual offenders; c)juvenile offenders; d)substance or alcohol abusing offenders?The Northern Ireland Prison Service (NIPS) offer a range of programmes to address offending behaviour through risk reduction. 4.A PERPETRATORS In answer to question 4a all of our programmes are for perpetrators of offending. In terms of non-offence specific programmes NIPS deliver the following programmes; MOTIVATIONAL ENHANCEMENT GROUP (MEG): MEG is a motivational based programme which can either be considered in its own right or in preparation for other programme work such as ETS, SOTP or ARV. It encourages participants to think about the stages of change, and to consider the changes they may want to make in their own lives. This short programme (12 hours) is preparation for offence focused group work and provides participants with experience of being a group member and encouraging their engagement in other programmes. GAINING OPPORTUNITIES AND LIVING SKILLS (GOALS): The aim of this programme is to motivate prisoners/inmates to engage in relevant and meaningful activities whilst in custody and to prepare them for release by encouraging a self-directed approach to planning their return to the Community. The programme is not offence focused. GOALS is a programme that specifically targets self-esteem and encourages and supports prisoners/inmates to take responsibility for all their actions and overcome any barriers in their life. GOALS is delivered over 2 consecutive days both morning and afternoon. ENHANCED THINKING SKILLS (ETS) PROGRAMME: The ETS programme is suitable for both male and female offenders, aged 18 years and above, and who are assessed as medium high or high in terms of risk of re-offending. It is a medium intensity programme incorporating 20 session of group work with each session being 2½ hours in duration (50 hours of group work). The aim of ETS is to address thinking deficits and enable participants to develop skills and attitudes that will allow them to achieve goals in pro-social ways. ETS does not require individuals to talk directly about their offending behaviour and is therefore often an effective entry level programme for individuals who have difficulties working in group settings. VICTIM IMPACT Programme: The Victim Impact Programme is a programme which has been adapted from an American Department of Justice Victim Impact Programme. The programme aims to assist participants in understanding how criminal behaviour impacts upon victims and their families in the short and long term. The Victim Impact Programme consists of 17 sessions. The programme content considers the rights of victims and offenders, asks participants to consider ‘who is a victim’, types of victims, areas of impact, how people are harmed and the ripple effect. The programme then looks at 9 types of crime. In the final module the programme considers how individuals can make amends for wrongdoings in general and in terms of their own wrongdoing. SYCAMORE TREE: Sycamore Tree is an OCN accredited programme that aims to enable offenders to understand the impact of crime on victims and take responsibility for their personal actions and responses. The teaching is based on principles of restorative justice and is based on Christian values but is not faith promoting. Sycamore Tree is fully inclusive and is open to all offenders. The format of the course is teaching, DVD’s of victim’s stories, group discussions, and in one of the sessions a victim of crime is brought in to tell their story. Participants have workbooks to complete in their own time which takes about 2 hours per week. The course is accredited by OCN and participants are able to obtain a Level 1 or 2 with OCN in Understanding the Restorative Justice Process. Participants must be able to demonstrate a basic level of literacy and language appropriate for this accredited programme. Each session last approximately 2½ hours and runs one morning a week for 6 weeks. Participants have homework to complete in their own time which will take maximum of 2 hours per week. 4.B SEXUAL OFFENDERS NIPS provide two intervention programmes for those convicted of sexual offences; Safer Lives for young adult males who have engaged in sexually harmful behaviour and the Horizon Programme for adult males. SAFER LIVES PROJECT (SLP): The Safer Lives Project was developed for working with young adult males who have engaged in sexually harmful behaviour. It is an adaptation of the AIM and GMAP model and its development was supported by the AIM Project and GMAP. Safer Lives adopts a holistic approach, considering all aspects of the young person’s life and development as a means of understanding how and why they went “off-track” (engaged in sexually harmful behaviour) and identifies areas for development in terms of helping them to get back “on-track” again. The model focuses on building strengths and exploring ways of meeting their needs (emotional, sexual, social, physical etc.) through alternative appropriate means. Sessions are undertaken on an individual basis, assessing risks, needs, and developing individual intervention plans. It is recommended that sessions are co-worked by two Safer Lives trained facilitators. The project is being delivered in parallel in the community and in custody (Woodlands Juvenile Justice Centre and Hydebank Wood), enabling consistency of approach when individuals move between services providers / locations. HORIZON PROGRAMME: The Horizon programme is suitable primarily for adult men who have committed a sexual offence and who are assessed as “medium risk” on RM2000/s. Horizon can include participants who are maintaining their innocence of these offences, so long as they are acknowledging some problems/difficulties in the areas which the programme can assist with. It can also include some participants who are assessed as high risk, but where they have not been assessed as high deviance. The programme aims to assist adult men to build skills and strengths in areas such as thinking, emotions, managing problems, sexual interests, and relationships with other people. The programme is underpinned by the bio-psycho-social model of change. Horizon encourages people to build on the strengths they have and to develop positive, “new me” goals, thoughts and behaviours, in order to support them in gaining a happy and healthy future. The programme is delivered within group settings, consisting of 29 group sessions divided into 10 blocks of work. 4.C JUVENILES Juveniles within Northern Ireland are not directly managed as a part of the NI Prison Service, although do fall within the Department of Justice. Their programmes are managed through the Youth Justice Agency who are responsible for any programmes or interventions delivered for juveniles. 4.D SUBSTANCE OR ALCOHOL ABUSING OFFENDERS START360 AD:EPT: All services provided by Start360 use the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) as a means of assessment. BUILDING SKILLS FOR RECOVERY (BSR): This is a Home Office approved group work programme delivered over 20 sessions by trained Start360 facilitators. The main aim of this programme is to address the relationship between offending and substance misuse and to focus on the Factors of Recovery. One BSR group is delivered in each of the sites once a year, depending on need and staff availability. SMART RECOVERY: This is a support group which helps people recover from substance misuse. Participants in the group learn tools for recovery based on the latest scientific research. Participants within the group are at various stages of their recovery journey and it is essential all participants volunteer for the programme. The group is facilitated by AD:EPT staff and participants. OTHER AD:EPT SERVICES: In addition to the programmes above, the AD:EPT service also delivers one to one case work, counselling, auricular acupuncture, pre-release support, harm reduction sessions, failed drug test reviews, induction programmes and naloxone training. DRUG & ALCOHOL AWARENESS (DAAP) Programme: DAAP is an educational programme focusing on the issues of drugs and alcohol. The aims and objectives of the programme are to make participants more aware of the effects of both alcohol and drugs misuse and to educate them on the associated risks involved including addiction, drug related diseases, effect on the family and then aims to provide assistance in making changes, relapse prevention and harm reduction. This programme is open to both remand and sentenced prisoners. The only criteria for this programme would be that the inmate has sufficient time left in custody to be able to complete the programme. This programme consists of 8 sessions taking place over two morning sessions per week for 4 weeks. ALCOHOL RELATED VIOLENCE (ARV) PROGRAMME: The Alcohol-Related Violence Programme is a medium intensity cognitive behavioural group programme which aims to reduce re-offending for males aged 18+ who have been imprisoned for alcohol-related crimes of violence, and who are hazardous drinkers (i.e. who engage in binge drinking but are not alcohol-dependent). Through participation in the ARV Programme individuals learn about and develop skills to address their alcohol use and associated aggressive and violent offending and are able to make informed choices regarding their future lifestyle and goals (including their use of alcohol and offending). It also provides opportunities for participants to think about the resettlement needs. ARV incorporates 30 group sessions and two individual sessions. PROGRAMMES FOR VIOLENT OFFENDING BEHAVIOUR In addition to the programmes identified above it may be of interest that other programmes are delivered in relation to violent behaviour. NIPS have four interventions currently available for those convicted of violent offences; Alcohol Related Violence, RESOLVE, Building Better Relationships (for intimate partner violence) and Controlling Anger and Learning to Manage It (CALM). These programmes have all been developed for delivery with adult male offenders. ALCOHOL RELATED VIOLENCE (ARV) Programme: The summary in relation to this programme appears above in the Alcohol and Substance section. RESOLVE: RESOLVE is a medium intensity cognitive behavioural group programme for adult males. The aim of RESOLVE is to help offenders reduce the likelihood and seriousness of aggressive/violent behaviour and to help them live a more satisfying and pro-social life. RESOLVE is suitable for offenders who have used either proactive and/or reactive violence. RESOLVE incorporates 26 sessions; 22 group sessions and 4 individual sessions. Within the group sessions, participants have the opportunity to learn new skills and concepts within a supportive environment. Individual sessions have been included within the delivery format to provide a more individualized approach to treatment and help foster participant engagement. BUILDING BETTER RELATIONSHIPS (BBR): BBR is an accredited group-work programme designed to reduce reoffending by adult male offenders convicted of Intimate Partner Violence. It is available to those who have a current or previous conviction for Intimate Partner Violence and where they have been assessed as medium or above using the Spousal Assault Risk Assessment (SARAv3). BBR aims to help men to understand why they use violence and aggression in their intimate relationships, to encourage them to identify, use and build on their existing strengths and skills to change their behaviour, enhance their motivation to effect and maintain change The programme comprises of approximately 29 sessions, 24 delivered through group and each participant has at least 5 individual sessions, at least one before the programme commences and one after each of the four modules. CONTROLLING ANGER AND LEARNING TO MANAGE IT (CALM): CALM has been designed specifically to meet the needs of male offenders in managing emotions associated with the expression of aggressive and antisocial behaviour. CALM is suitable for medium to high risk male offenders with a current or previous offence precipitated by anger or poor emotional control. The aim of the CALM Programme is to provide offenders with skills to reduce the frequency & intensity of emotional arousal linked to aggression whilst increasing pro-social skills to resolve conflict. The need for this programme’s delivery has reduced significantly since the RESOLVE and BBR programmes became available. FUTURE PROGRAMME EXPANSION: It is the aim of the Northern Ireland Prison Service in 2020-21 to add the Kaizen programme to the suite of programmes available to offenders in our care. Kaizen is a programme designed for delivery with either high or very high risk sexual or violent offenders. During this time NIPS will also replace the ETS programme with the NOMS Thinking Skills Programme.
Who is responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification/treatment programs and b)risk assessment methodologies in your institution? How often is this evaluation done?5a Evaluating Programmes: The programmes delivered in the Northern Ireland prisons are those developed, approved and accredited through NOMS (National Offender Management Services) within HMPPS (Her Majesty’s Public Prison Service, England and Wales) and we have Agreements with them for the delivery of their programmes within our jurisdiction. HMPPS as the originators are primarily responsible for the evaluation of the programmes. Within NIPS, all HMPPS programmes are Treatment Managed by a Psychologist to ensure programme standards and integrity are being maintained NIPS are currently exploring Report Cards, based on Outcome Based Accountability principles to consider the impact of interventions outside of reconviction rates. 5b Evaluating Risk Assessments: NIPS adopt standardised and internationally recognised risk assessment tools. All staff undertaking any form of risk assessments will have completed training in relation to the tools which they are applying. All will also be subject to either peer supervision (in the case of qualified staff) or line manager supervision in the case of those who are in training.
No
What advantages have you experienced using BRIK?N/A
What drawbacks have you experienced using BRIK?N/A
What specialised behavior modification/treatment programs do you use for a)perpetrators; b)sexual offenders; c)juvenile offenders; d)substance or alcohol abusing offenders?For perpetrators we have developed our own cognitive skills programme.
Who is responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification/treatment programs and b)risk assessment methodologies in your institution? How often is this evaluation done?The Principal Psychologist. We are in process in restructuring our Psychology Services Unit and thus we are evaluating new risk assessment tools and treatment programmes. In view of the changes mentioned in this question, and which might come in force in the coming weeks, we would suggest that this information is not published.
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No, the Belgian prison system doesn’t use this risk assessment instrument.
What advantages have you experienced using BRIK?Cf. answer 1.
What drawbacks have you experienced using BRIK?Cf. answer 1.
What specialised behavior modification/treatment programs do you use for a)perpetrators; b)sexual offenders; c)juvenile offenders; d)substance or alcohol abusing offenders?Although the Belgian prison service has some behaviour modification/treatment initiatives like drug free units, these are not ‘formalised’ treatment programs (e.g. with detailed treatment protocols, outcome evaluations, …).
Who is responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification/treatment programs and b)risk assessment methodologies in your institution? How often is this evaluation done?Delivery of treatment (and other mental health issues) is the responsibility of the (Dutch and French speaking) communities (not of the Federal Belgian prison service); programs are not subject of a (scientific) evaluation. Risk assessments are conducted by the Psychosocial Service of the Belgian prison system in the light of conditional release plans. The ‘central eight’ criminogenic needs of Andrews & Bonta are evaluated and in case of some specific offences, specialised instruments are being used (e.g. Static and SVR-20 in case of sexual violence, HCR-20V3 in case of (serious) violence, VERA-2R in case of terrorist offences, Stalking Risk Profile in case of stalking, …).
No.
What advantages have you experienced using BRIK?-
What drawbacks have you experienced using BRIK?-
What specialised behavior modification/treatment programs do you use for a)perpetrators; b)sexual offenders; c)juvenile offenders; d)substance or alcohol abusing offenders?a) Yes: e. g. R&R, Anti-violence Training, psychotherapy, offense processing b) Yes: e. g. "Sex Offender Treatment Programme" (SOTP & ASOTP), c) Yes: e. g. Anti-violence Training, physical education, social therapy d) Yes: addiction treatment in individual and group counseling
Who is responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification/treatment programs and b)risk assessment methodologies in your institution? How often is this evaluation done?Responsible is the prison department in the Ministry of Justice and the Criminological Research Service. Evaluations take place irregularly or are currently being planned.
The BRIK-tool was not developed in Canada but in Norway and does not apply to risk. It is an instrument assessing needs and resources. The abbreviation means Needs and Resources assessment in the Correctional Service (Behovs- og Ressurskartlegging I Kriminalomsorgen). It is largely based on a combination of the “What Works”- and the “Desistance”- and “Good lives model”-approach. The assessment is carried out on a screen that both the assessor and the offender can view and the offender has the opportunity to add their own comments, as well as add comments to subjects they experience as missing from the assessment. Norway does not use a standardized risk assessment tool but relies on continuous day-to-day contact with the offender and individualized (clinical) assessments of risk of recidivism or serious harm.
What advantages have you experienced using BRIK?BRIK gives us a good overview of the areas where we may contribute to address needs and challenges the offender might experience, and stimulate the strengths and skills that the offender might have in order to support him or her in returning to the community. Offenders experience a sense of recognition when asked not just about what their problems are, but also what their positive qualities are. This stimulates a sense of agency and gives a positive impulse to reintegration and desistance. Recent research shows a 20.6 % recidivism rate within two years after release.
What drawbacks have you experienced using BRIK?The Correctional service will not always be able to fulfill the ambitions that may arise when offenders are being assessed with BRIK. Expectations may arise from the questions that prove difficult to realise due to limitations in other community institutions.
What specialised behavior modification/treatment programs do you use for a)perpetrators; b)sexual offenders; c)juvenile offenders; d)substance or alcohol abusing offenders?We use a large number of behavioural programs with varying degrees of subject matter, intensity and detail. All programs need to be approved by the Correctional Service of Norway University College. For 2018, 51 different programs were approved. Some of these are foreign made or adapted to Norwegian conditions, most are developed on the workfloor. There are programs for perpetrators in general (among these a specific one for female offenders), for sexual offenders (some of which require therapeutic contributions from external specialists), for substance and/or alcohol abusers, for violent offenders and for traffic offenders. In total 852 persons participated in an approved program in 2018. A list of programs is available on request.
Who is responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification/treatment programs and b)risk assessment methodologies in your institution? How often is this evaluation done?a) Some behavioural programs have been evaluated, either abroad or in Norway. This is not done on a structural basis. Units need to apply for approval of programs and these are quality-controlled by the University College in line with a number of criteria. b) As mentioned above, Norway has no risk assessment tool. BRIK has been evaluated twice with good results.
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NO
What advantages have you experienced using BRIK?-
What drawbacks have you experienced using BRIK?-
What specialised behavior modification/treatment programs do you use for a)perpetrators; b)sexual offenders; c)juvenile offenders; d)substance or alcohol abusing offenders?In Austria we use Violence-Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG) and Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG) to assess potential violence-risks of perpetrators. In addition, to assess potential recidivism of sex offenders further instruments as Static-99, Stable-2007 and Acute-2007 are used. Treatment programs can reduce the risk of recidivism, therefor it is necessary to assess (behavioural) changes of inmates which can be rated at the Violence Risk Scale (VRS) and the Violence Risk Scale Sexual Offender Version (VRS:SO). Risk assessments along with appropriate Risk management tools within forensic standard processes are evaluated through the Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R).
Who is responsible for evaluating a)behavior modification/treatment programs and b)risk assessment methodologies in your institution? How often is this evaluation done?The assessments are carried out by the Federal Evaluation Centre for Violent and Sexual Offenders (FECVSO), embedded in the Ministry of Constitutional Affairs, Reforms, Deregulation and Justice in Austria.
This content is only available to registered members of EuroPris.
This content is only available to registered members of EuroPris.